Common Symptoms of Eye Strain

Vision-intensive tasks like reading or computer work can cause the muscles in the eye severe stress, ultimately resulting in a condition known as asthenopia, or eye strain. Straining your eye muscles can produce a variety of symptoms, which means  eye strain can be a debilitating repetitive stress injury. Furthermore, you may not even recognize some of these symptoms as â€Å"eye† problems as the symptoms are typically nonspecific. However, once you understand that these issues can point to  symptoms of eye strain you are well on your way to treating eye strain or preventing eye strain entirely. Symptoms of Eye Strain Due to overwork and repetitive stress, the muscles in your eyes fatigue. The primary symptom associated with early stages of eye strain typically involve the head, neck, or backaches or dizziness and lightheadedness, and although these early symptoms may point to general work-related soreness, its best to give your body a break if you begin to feel pain near or around the eyes. Prolonged, intensive use of the eyes cause their ciliary muscles to tighten, often resulting in spasms or twitches around the eyes. This is the earliest sign directly indicative of eye strain and can intensify to include heaviness of eyelids, blurred or double vision, tired or sore eyes, or even overly watery, itchy or dry eyes.   If left untreated and exposed to continued stress, the pain can intensify resulting in a burning sensation, even with eyes closed.   Other nonspecific symptoms include car sickness, nausea, reading problems, lack of concentration, and general fatigue.   Treating Eye Strain Symptoms Although many of the above symptoms do not directly point to eye strain, if you begin experiencing more than one of these symptoms while undergoing eye-intensive tasks, it is best to take a break and assess your overall well-being. Your first response should be to cease the activity causing tension, close your eyes and relax for five to ten minutes. If you are reading, especially on a computer screen, and begin to experience these symptoms, it is best to allow your eyes and the ciliary muscles to relax by focusing away from the reading material. Focus instead on an object considerably further away. This relaxes the strained muscles of your eye and interrupts the repetitive stress of continued reading. Doing this over the course of working on eye-intensive tasks may reduce your chance of straining your eyes.   If your symptoms do not lessen as a result, you may have over-stressed your eyes. In this case, the best solution is to turn out all the lights in the room and allow your eyes to fully relax in the dark. If you are experiencing a burning sensation even with your eyes closed, covering them with a cold compress (nothing too cold, like ice) should alleviate some of the tenderness. Over time of non-use, your eyes will recover on their own. If symptoms continue to occur, even after a long rest, consult your physician as this may be indicative of a larger optical issue.   Effects of Eye Strain Chronic eye strain may also be a significant factor in learning and attention problems. Without the ability to see or read without significant discomfort, you may find yourself unable to retain information due to the distraction of pain. Chronic pain, if left untreated, may cause your vision to suffer, eventually resulting in blindness. Fortunately, diagnosing eye strain is rather easy since these symptoms typically only appear during a visually intensive task. When youre undergoing such stressful work, be sure to be aware of the fatigue of your eyes. Take breaks often and desist if eye pain continues for more than 30 minutes.

Local Radio Station, Live 105, The Original Hangout Spot...

This is Kate here, reporting live from your local radio station, Live 105, the original hangout spot for Princeville residents to connect in real time, with real talk and real advice from real people. Now, let the show begin. Todays show will include your national, state, and local stories along with your daily weather forecast. And now for your National News, the Florida Winners of the 1.58 billion dollar powerball drawing stepped forward to receive their prize over a month after drawing. Reports say the Melbourne Beach couple came to receive their prize from the January 13th drawing. The couple has opted to take a lump sum of 327 million dollars. Maureen, girlfriend of David claims to have no plans for the money other that get a massage and retire. David claims to have lost 10 pounds from pacing the entire night after the couple discovered they were winners. Odds of having a winning ticket were placed at 1 in 292 million. Live 105s fun fact of the day is Child Protective Services, or CPS, is reportedly receiving 600 million more dollars yearly than school districts with similar student demographics. This information release has left twitter hashtag budget speech 2016 trending on twitter. And next in the news, Apple opposes judge s order to hack San Bernardino shooters iPhone, calling the directive â€Å"an overreach by the U.S. government†. A public letter, signed by Apple CEO Tim Cook and published Tuesday, warns that complying with the order would entail building a

The Secret to College Essay Samples about How Music Influences

The Secret to College Essay Samples about How Music Influences How to Get Started with College Essay Samples about How Music Influences? EssayForever is prepared to assist you with any types of written assignments and with your music essay too. When this is completed, it's ideal to start off with a draft. Likewise, television broadcasts on various languages from various channels. Television broadcasts from various cultures across the world. The subject of your essay ought to be original. Be sure that it will made in time, so you will be able to submit it beforehand if you need. A great essay is one which leaves an enduring impression. Writing a wonderful application essay doesn't need to be a struggle. Don't forget to begin early so that you won't feel rushed. Yes, form is a rather important portion of your essay. Be sure to follow along with the appropriate format, consisting of the general elements of an essay. It's additionally a huge field for investigation. By these means, we're able to acquire extra information from a specific perspective. Inside this report, I shall consist of optimistic and pessimistic influences on each and every person. Also, environmental elements can lead to negative impacts, for instance, an individual working in a factory that produces lots of harmful chemicals. The folks who know you best may have the ability to provide excellent insights into your character, and therefore don't be reluctant to ask them. Let character attributes shine throughWhatever experiences you choose to express, make certain that the examples reflect the attributes you wish to showcase. In the event you're done by you'll be proper. In another situation, using qualified language may be helpful to clarify music's subtleties precisely. College Essay Samples about How Music Influences Explained So, being aware of what to write and the way to compose your student essay is quite important. Well written paper is the secret to your success! You don't need to possess the very best writing skills so as to be creative and compose an effective essay. You can be very great at several things, thus we believe that should you have zero time for writing academic papers, it shouldn't influence your general success in studies. The school would like to know about you. Students start to acquire more assignments and not as much time to study and complete them. The students may develop decent language skills from experts. As a result, they begin to appreciate different cultures and lifestyles. From here on, the most important goal of using music for a source of religious foundation was redefined through making music in line with the necessity of producing the people or the audience hear what's being sent by the arrangement for a message. When it has to do with music, just like books, there's a wide range to select from. In the world today, many kinds of music exist. In reality, there are various kinds of music played in the elevator, but all of them have a specific soothing quality. Aside from their own music, they stay current on the latest fashion. Before Auto-Tune there's a simplistic character to music. A kid can let you know what the latest gossip is all about their preferred musical artist is, instead of the title of the final book they read. The reach of books The different manners of books and music change from person to person and not 1 style is better that the other. Music can decrease the dangers of heart attack and stroke. It gave me the energy and motivation to get involved with other sports. It is the one thing in my life that makes sense and is a huge part of my life. For a young person with very little experience, it can be a hard concept, especially singing. When everyone works together, however, the sound that's produced is simply wonderful. For instance, there is a specific type of music that could be called elevator music. The moments we are certain to remember are normally the ones with music.

Summary of the Hidden Persuaders by Vance Packard free essay sample

In an era of soaring GNP, productivity, and discretionary income, many in business believed that for the good of the economy, people had to consume more and more, whether they wanted to or not. By the mid-fifties, psychological counselors were urging merchandisers to become merchants of discontent to create wants that people didnt know they had, so that their possessions, well before they actually wore out, would become psychologically obsolete.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finally, in a time of increasing product parity, consumer had to be given reasons not necessarily rational for preferring one brand over another. . So Ad Men Become Depth Men. Ad men recognized three different levels of human consciousness: (1) conscious (rational) we know what we think and can explain our thinking; (2) preconscious we may understand our feelings, sensations, and attitudes (our prejudices, assumptions, fears, emotional promptings and so on) but would not be willing to explain them ; (3) subconscious we not only are not aware of our true attitudes and feelings but would not discuss them if we could. MR was concerned with exploring the second and third levels. MR did not take root as a really serious movement until the late 40s and early 50s. The most famous practitioner was Ernest Dichter, PhD, Director of the Institute for Motivational Research. As early as 1941 Dichter was exhorting ad agencies to see themselves as some of the most advanced laboratories in psychology. He said the successful ad agency manipulates human motivations and desires and develops a need for goods with which the public has been unfamiliar [and] perhaps may be even undesirous of purchasing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dichter insists that products must not only be good; they must appeal to our feelings deep in the psychological recesses of the mind. He tells companies that they must discover the psychological hook and that theyve either got to sell emotional security or go under. Excitement about MR reached a crescendo in 1953 and 54, as marketers began recruiting social scientists by the hundreds to conduct depth studies. 4. And the Hooks are Lowe red. By 1957, a great many marketers were using MR. Two of the more common techniques are:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Depth interview. The investigator tries, patiently but casually, to get the consumer into a reverie of talking and musing absent-mindedly about the pleasures, joys, enthusiasms, agonies, nightmares, deceptions, [and] apprehensions the product recalls to him/her. Projective tests. The subject is asked to interpret a symmetrical ink-blot, or to tell a story about a picture, or to make up captions for a cartoon, or (the Szondi test) to pick out, from a group of pictures, the person e/she would like take a trip with (the subject doesnt know that each person suffers from a different mental illness). Some MR investigators also use lie detectors, word-association and sentence-completion tests, hypnosis, or subthreshold (subliminal) stimulation. 5. Self-Images for Everybody. The growing sameness of products (and the complexity of their ingredients), had made it very hard for either marketers or consumers to make r easonable distinctions among products in the same category. The answer was to help people, in an easy, warm, emotional way, to make unreasonable distinctions, by giving each product a distinctive, highly appealing image. Studies of narcissism indicated that nothing appeals more to people than themselves, so why not help people buy products that were projections of themselves? The image builders reasoned that they could thus spark love affairs by the millions, and the sale of self-images soon was expediting the movement of hundreds of millions of dollars worth of merchandise to consumers, particularly gasoline, cigarettes, and automobiles. . Rx for Our Secret Distresses. The merchandisers concluded that billions of dollars worth of sales depended heavily on successfully manipulating or coping with our guilt, fears, anxieties, hostilities, loneliness, and inner tensions. Guilt proved to be one of the major problems the motivational analysts had to grapple with, for though self-indulgent and easy-does-it products such as candy, soft drinks, ciga rettes, liquor, cake mixes, and laborsaving appliances were becoming a significant sector of the total market, Americans still were basically puritans at heart. Therefore, the marketing of such products had to assuage guilt feelings and offer absolution. Cigarette advertising began to reflect the insights of MR: people were shown smoking while under pressure or as a reward for tough jobs done. Similarly, candy was marketed as a way to reward oneself, or, when sold in bite-sized pieces, as self-indulgence in moderation. Household appliances were portrayed as offering a way to spend more time with the children, and cars, a legitimate release of aggression through speed and power. 7. Marketing Eight Hidden Needs. In searching for extra psychological values that could add to product appeal, merchandisers came upon many gratifying clues by studying our subconscious needs, yearnings, and cravings. Once a compelling need was identified, the promise of its fulfillment was built into sales messages [see Table 1]. 8. The Built-in Sexual Overtone. The MR people went beyond the old cheesecake and get-your-man themes, with more subtlety, deeper penetration into the subconscious, and more emphasis on poetry, fantasy, and whimsy. Thus the famous I Dreamed I Stopped Traffic in My Maidenform Bra played upon hidden exhibitionistic desires. And the enormously successful hardtop car fulfilled a mans desire for both wife (sedan) and mistress (convertible), for conventionality plus adventure. The depth researchers also found both men and women in need of reassurance about their respective sexuality. Thus, lingerie ads began showing women admiring themselves in mirrors, assuring herself that she is fully feminine, and urging the buyer to do the same. And a host of products (e. g. , cigars, True Magazine) were successful because they reassured men of their virility. The same product was found to have different meanings to men and women. While a house is an expression of a womans self, it is, to a man, a haven, a symbolic Mom. One ad even showed a house with outstretched, loving arms. Some products underwent transvestitism, the most spectacular being Marlboro, which started out as a womens cigarette, but, with new filter, packaging, and advertising, was reborn as an aggressively male product that addressed some of the core meanings of smoking adulthood, vigor, potency. 9. Back to the Breast, and Beyond. MR also sought to exploit the subconscious desire of many adults for the pleasant mouth satisfaction they felt as infant breast feeders and small children. Foods were found to be loaded with hidden meanings. Ice cream, for example, symbolizes uninhibited overindulgence, so advertisers were advised to show it overflowing the dish. Housewives may use food as a reward or punishment, depending on what they choose to serve. Food has special meaning for fat people (they use it as a substitute for other forms of gratification) and for people under stress so hospitals were counseled not to offer strange or unusual foods. Chewing gum, cigars, and cigarettes (Reach for a Lucky Instead of a Sweet) and the oral gratification associated with them were all subjects of the motivational researchers attention. 10. Babes in Consumerland. The prodigious amount of supermarket impulse buying is apparently due to the fact that many women, during supermarket shopping, fall into a light trance (perhaps the result of the profusion of goods that once were available only to royalty). Accordingly, marketers went to work to make their packages as hypnotically attractive as possible, e. g. , by making the shoppers imagination leap ahead to the finished product. Impulse buying was also stimulated by splurge counters laden with delicacies and, in department stores, by counters labeled simply Why Not? . 11. Class and Caste in the Salesroom. The social classes of greatest interest to marketers are the lower-middle and upper- lower, since these account for most of the population and the purchasing power in a typical community. Accordingly, sights were trained on Mrs. Middle Majority, who lives under a strong moral code in a highly restricted world. The sponsors of daytime TV personalities that brought warmth and connection into that world (e. , Arthur Godfrey, Garry Moore) were richly rewarded. Although people in the lower social brackets dont seem to want to climb the social ladder, they can be persuaded to move up in their consumption, so merchandisers began to pay close attention to the consuming preferences that went with the various social classes (thus, for example, a more expensive candy box was designed for the lower-class purchaser, for whom the packaging was highly significant). 12. Selling Symbols to Upward Strivers. Another opportunity arose from the fact that most Americans are social strivers (though no one cares to admit it). Our purchasing habits change as we adopt the choices of the group we seek to enter. The merchandisers played to this tendency by investing products with new and exciting messages of status. Most Americans are vulnerable to one of three merchandising strategies:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (1) Offer bigness. Has been vigorously exploited in automotive marketing. (2) Offer price exclusivity, e. g. , Joy perfume advertised as the costliest perfume in the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (3) Testimonials by high-status celebrities. These were not new, but in the 50s they were employed more systematically than before. Of course, restraint must be exercised: products cannot be presented as too high-toned, lest consumers wonder, Am I good enough? ; and the appeal cannot be too narrow (e. g. , dog food ought not be sold with thoroughbred dogs, since most people dont have them). 13. Cures for Our Hidden Aversions. In many cases, consumers resistance was based on seemingly unreasoned prejudices, which MR was able to uncover, thus enabling products to be rediscovered. Cases in point:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prunes, with their old maid and laxative connotations, were repositioned as a delightful, sweet wonder fruit.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The marketing of instant coffee as efficient and timesaving was found to imply that the housewife who bought it was lazy and a poor planner; the new advertising emphasized that the product was 100% pure coffee that satisfied your coffee hunger.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Margarine and dried milk, heretofore touted simply as worthy substitute products, were marketed on their own virtues. 14. Coping with Our Pesky Inner Ear. The acute sensitivity of our inner eye and ear in receiving unintended messages impelled marketers to look for the residual impression in selling messages. Examples:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A refrigerator maker was advised not to show the door open without a housewifes hand on it, since this implied the waste of electricity. Philip Morris was advised to stop touting its cigarettes as less irritating: what remained in the consumers mind was irritating.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a similar vein, questions arose as to whether a TV show could be so arresting that viewers wouldnt pay attention to the commercials. When a mystery show was replaced by a panel show, sales of the sponsors product went up. 15. The Psycho-Seduction of Children. MR was also concerned with developing product and brand loyalty early in life and thus creating eager consumers for the future. But even before children could buy, the merchandisers sought to harness kids influence on their parents. Some companies offered prizes to kids who could bring parents into the showrooms. Motivational researchers were asked to help assure that TV shows would have a strong impact on children. They suggested that a show need not offer amusement or pleasure, as long as it helped the child express his/her inner tensions and fantasies in a manageable way, i. . , by triggering fear, anger or confusion, then offering a way to resolve these feelings, as with Howdy Doody and other shows which offered children a safe way to work off resentment against the adult ruling class.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   MR also analyzed kids crazes in particular, the Davy Crockett phenomenon to discover why they rose and fell, and perhaps ultimately to create them. 16. New F rontiers for Recruiting Customers. As marketers were looked for ways to create new, broader, or more insatiable demands for their products, a key area of interest was mens clothes. Psychologists concluded that mens reluctance to appear conspicuous could be overcome by persuasion that (1) played on their increasing desire to impress their peer group and (2) gave women permission to indulge their already strong inclination to mold and perfect their mens public image. The drive to create psychological obsolescence by making the public style-conscious and then switching styles extended to typewriters, phones, and home appliances, where color was the primary sign of newness. Depth merchandisers also began changing the seasons around, selling spring finery to women in January, when psychological spring begins. Mothers and Fathers Days were converted into occasions for buying splurges. The growing amount of leisure time held out the prospect of vast consumer expenditures, and marketers focused on luring consumers into relaxing with such money-burning activities as do-it-yourself projects and hobbies, participatory sports, boating, and even shopping. 17. Politics and the Image Builders. In the 1950s the character of American political life changed radically, as both parties used professional persuaders and modern marketing techniques to help sell their candidates. The 1956 campaigns featured carefully-staged conventions and campaign appearances, five-minute (instead of 30-minute) TV speeches, and saturation advertising. The persuaders found that a vote, like a purchasing decision, was often based on irrational, illogical factors that MR could uncover, specifically, (1) the performance of the candidate, especially its sincerity, and (2) the personality of the candidate, especially the extent to which he is perceived as a father figure. Richard Nixon benefitted from all of these techniques and was regarded as the first of a new breed of media politician.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  18. Molding Team Players for Free Enterprise. The rise of the idea that the individual had no meaning except as a member of a group ironic in a country where individualism and free enterprise had always been watchwords was reflected in many areas of American life and was of keen interest to those interested in manipulating human behavior. In industry, th e emphasis on team play coincided with the appearance, in plants and offices, of social scientists, who brought their insights and techniques to bear on the perversity of man. MR consultants offered various services: evaluation of candidates for executive positions, finding out what employees think about their jobs and the firm, evaluating performance. Increasingly, companies screened their job applicants and employees for the appropriate team-play qualities. While some of the research was aimed at improving employee satisfaction, much of it was surreptitiously aimed at evaluating up-and-coming executives respect for authority, spotting potential mental illness, and scrutinizing mens home lives and wives to see if they would interfere with or support job performance. 9. The Engineered Yes. By the mid-50s, public relations counselors saw that they could cultivate positive opinions about their companies with the same techniques as the ad men were using to sell products. MR was enthusi astically applied to fund-raising, where the depth approach revealed that self-aggrandizement, ego-gratification, and self-interest (and, to a lesser degree, public interest, and the social benefit that accrues from associating with the best people) were the deeper reasons why people give to or volunteer to serve charitable causes. 0. Care and Feeding of Positive Thinkers. Much of the optimism coming out of the business community in the mid-50s was the work of PR people guiding top management in the proper manner, timing, and approach in making announcements of economic expansion and voicing expressions of confidence, thus helping win the publics mind over to optimism. This psychological marketing was considered key to economic growth, for if consumers started watching their dollars and becoming more cerebral about their purchases, it would become more difficult for the depth merchandisers to tempt people into impulse buying, status-symbol buying, leisure buying, and many other forms of self-indulgent consumption. Similarly, small retailers and investors were thought to need repeated doses of reassurance. 21. The Packaged Soul? The persuasive techniques of MR and the values that it advances (consumption, groupthink) hold some disturbing implications, which are already evident in current [i. e. mid-50s] developments: * packaged communities complete with furniture, ready-to-meet neighbors, and already-formed recreational groups; * a trade school that trains workers not only in mechanical skills, but in a co-operative outlook; * the depth probing of little girls, in order to discover their vulnerability to advertising messages for home permanents; * t he notion that human behavior could, like airplanes and missiles, be electronically controlled, since the human brain [is] essentially a digital computer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  22. The Question of Validity. MR was not without its critics and skeptics [see Table 2]. But the consensus of the most responsible practitioners was that MR was useful as a starting-point or clue-spotter, but that it should be validated by other methods whenever possible. And executives have concluded that MR can provide answers they cant afford to ignore; it is, therefore, here to stay. 23. The Question of Morality. The defenders of MR claim that anything that raises the GNP is good, or that people have become so skeptical that their psyches are not damaged by the constant assaults, or that theres nothing sinister about giving people what they really want, whether its new products or better working conditions. Still, there are profound moral questions about using mass media to play on peoples hidden fears and weaknesses to sell them products, to manipulate small children, to treat voters like customers in need of father figures, to cultivate wastefulness by promoting psychological obsolescence, and so on. The most disturbing ethical issues are: (1) the assumption of the right to manipulate human personality; this involves an inherent disrespect for the individual;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (2) the elevation of consumerism; while Dr. Dichter contends that its important to give people permission to enjoy life, possessions dont necessarily make people happy and besides, America is too great a nation to have to depend on such devious practices to sustain its economy;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Professional advertising and PR organizations should draw up codes of ethics, and individuals should learn to recognize the devices of persuasion, so that if they are behaving in response to irrational motivations, at least they will be aware that they are doing so. TABLE 1: Eight Hidden Needs * Emotional security. Home freezers, a way to store more food than people could possibly eat, were sold as symbols of security, warmth, and safety. * Reassurance of worth. Soap and detergent advertising reassured the housewife by exalting the importance of her role in keeping things clean. * Ego-gratification. Steam shovel sales improved when ads began showing more prominent pictures of the operators, upon whose recommendations sales depended. * Creative outlet. Cake mix marketers reformulated their product to allow the housewife to add eggs or milk, thereby giving here a more active role in the process. * Love object. The promoters of pianist Liberace made much of his resemblance to a beautiful child. * Sense of power. A staple of automotive marketing, with promises of that extra margin of safety in an emergency providing a rationale for the power. * Sense of roots. Mogen David wine was marketed with references to the family-centered occasions of which it was a part. Immortality. Life insurance ads showed the deceased, while physically gone, still shielding, providing for, comforting and governing his family. TABLE 2: Major Criticisms of MR * Overenthusiastic supporters have too often implied that MR is a cure for every marketing problem, whereas in reality there is no single reason why people buy or dont buy a product. * MR has lifted diagnostic tools from clinical psychiatry and applied them to mass behavior with no certainty that such transference is valid. And since MR is expensive, there is a built-in motivation to limit the size of the sample population. * Results depend too much on the brilliance of a single practitioner; testing procedures have not been standardized or validated. Also, different research experts can interpret the same test results differently. * The findings are sometimes not subjected to objective confirmation by conventional testing methods before they are accepted and applied. There is often no rigorous follow-up study. THE HIDDEN PERSUADERS Critical CommentaryI. GENERAL COMMENTS ON THE BOOK AND ON THE ARGUMENTS IT MAKES: * Manipulation is a word with strong negative connotations. The techniques Packard describes can also be viewed simply as a refinement of techniques of advertising, communication, and persuasion, in order to address needs of a different kind needs which represent the next stage of consumption patterns, instigated by the synergistic effects of mass production and widespread wealth. * Any new knowledge is typically seen at first as sinister and forbidden. But Packard sometimes goes too far in presenting simple truths in this light. Of course we buy products on the basis of the ways in which their characteristics interact with our own. Of course we use material possessions to advertise our status, our prestige, our awareness of style and fashion. When didnt we? Of course we want our working conditions to respect our dignity and self-esteem. And of course workers should be trained in how to get along with others (cf. Packards negatively-presented trade-school example, Ch. 21, which actually presages TQM, team concept, quality circles, etc. This is why some of the case-studies seem either obvious or forced (e. g. , vanity presses as an example of ego-gratification), while others have, as Packard admits, a positive side (as when psychologists found that the need for recognition was a factor in worker discontent). As Foote Cone amp; Belding Chairman John OToole said in a Time interview (2/8/82), critics such as Vance Packard made the [adve rtising] profession out to be sinister, like brainwashing. In fact, advertising is simply salesmanship. It is unabashedly partisan and persuasive; it doesnt pretend to be gospel. * A related point: Packard denigrates virtually all attempts to increase peoples cooperation and compliance. Thus, he ridicules MR studies that try to find ways to make us less troublesome and complaining while staying in hospitals. But if an organization or a society is to function, there must be a balance between these and individualism. Packard ignores the fact that making people cooperative and compliant is often the result of removing genuine irritants or demeaning conditions that obstruct a necessary cooperative effort. Packard occasionally makes his points with case studies that are either trivial (e. g. , that MR caused Socony Vacuum to change its name to Socony Mobiloil because of associations with vacuum cleaners; surely this requires no probing for subtle, hidden meanings! ). * Regarding the m orality of consumerism the argument against gadgets/consumption is framed simplistically, inasmuch as Packard attempts to impose a moral framework on an activity that is essentially amoral. Frivolousness is in the eye of the beholder. Those who condemn consumerism always take it upon themselves to decide what others do and do not really need, ignoring the fact that many new products really do help people control their environment, use time more effectively, improve their health and fitness, and so on, in ways that they may not have known about. The conflict between Epicureans and Stoics is an old one that will probably never be resolved. The social consensus veers toward one or the other eras of consumption alternate with eras of restraint in response to various forces, the most powerful of which may be the state of the economy. In any event, neither side should attempt to impose its values on the other. * Issues that are still relevant/valid: * Men at bay, needing reassurances of their virility; cigars as symbols of same. * Emotional significance of ice cream (nostalgia, voluptuousness). * Moral objections to advertising that targets children. * The rationalizing of childrens TV shows (calling a cowboy movie American history and a space show scientific') recalls contemporary attempts to do the same with the Jetsons and other shows. * Controversy over laugh tracks on TV. Commercialism of political campaigns; candidate as product. Importance of President as father figure (Eisenhower in the 50s, Reagan in the 80s). * Importance of psychological marketing and consumer confidence. * Issues that are no longer relevant/valid: * Low-calorie foods fulfilling a need for penance (may be true for some consumers; most will not tolerate compromise on taste). * Expectations of greater need for leisure products because of increasing leisure time, shorter work week (people are not working less; may even be working more). Concern over social engineering of team players (while teamwork is important, the real challenge is not to create conformity, but to disrupt it cf. the current emphasis on renewal, diversity, intrapreneurship, thriving on chaos, etc. ). II. UPDATE: PACKARD AND HIDDEN PERSUADERS IN THE 80s AND 90s. * Eric Clark, in his 1989 book The Want Makers: The World of Advertising How They Make You Buy is less gloomy and alarmist about advertising than Packard, but he believes that advertising is all-pervasive: Today advertising is vast, increasingly global and more and more scientific in its methods. Its domination over the kind of programs we watch, the content of the newspapers and magazines we read, grows each year. It helps determine the politicians we elect the medicines we are offered, the toys our children demand, and the sports that are to thrive or decline. All of this is new in its size and its range, its implications and its dangers. Election appeals have become interchangeable with Coca-Cola commercials; products themselves are no longer simply sold by advertising increasingly they are the advertising. * In an article called Psyching Out Consumers, Newsweek (2/27/89) says The motivational techniques first described in Vance Packards 1957 best-seller are making a comeback. These methods fell by the wayside as advertisers turned to making decisions based largely on research that emphasized who might buy a product, not why. Now, with the same basic information available to all marketers, ad agencies are compelled to go beyond mere numbers to maintain a competitive edge. Moreover, many products are so similar that differentiating one brand from another is critical. * In a review of William Meyers The Image Makers (New York Times, (12/23/84), Stephen Fox says that Mr. Meyers believes the psychographic revolution began in the 50s, when it displaced the impulsive, intuitive practitioners who [had] dominated the business, Actually, however, advertising swings back and forth. In the 50s and 70s there was an emphasis on market research and quantification; the 80s, like the 60s, have been marked by an emphasis on creativity and advertising as art Psychological methods such as motivation research were widely discussed, if not widely used, by advertising in the 50s precisely because they fitted the social-science fashions of the day. Regarding the validity of both Meyers and Packards arguments, Fox says: In the sense that The Image Makers is largely an updating of The Hidden Persuaders, Mr. Meyers repeats Vance Packards fundamental error interviewing interested parties wit professional stakes in psychological approaches to advertising and then taking their self-serving claims too literally. * In December, 1991, The Public Pulse reported that despite decades of criticism, beginning with Packard, neither the somewhat sinister connotations attached to terms like ad men and Madison Avenue, nor the recent explosion of marketing and advertising channels, have turned consumers against advertising in general. By a 59-35% margin, more of the public view the advertising industry favorably than unfavorably and assessment virtually unch anged over the past decade But Americans are far more critical [of] advertising practices. Asked about 14 specific advertising and marketing practices [of] American business, they consider the negative ones [to be] far more common than the positive ones. * In an article entitled Beyond the Hidden Persuaders (Forbes, 3/23/87), Jeffrey Sonnenberg says that Many of the tools Madison Avenues new motivators use would be familiar to Packard. The Thematic Apperception Test, for example, is still with us. But it has been sharpened by experience to tap more efficiently emotions and feeling about products that many of us are normally unable or unwilling to share. So-called focus groups remain an important tool, too But the scale and sophistication of it all is beyond anything Packard could report. Today every major ad agency has a research department that keeps sociologists or psychologists or anthropologists on retainer Thanks to advances in the social sciences and the advent of personal computers, there is not only more information available to researchers today than 30 years ag o, but that information is analyzed far faster and in greater detail. | |

The Role of Human Resource Knowledge in establishing Performance

Introduction The workplace today is in a condition of metamorphosis of workers’ motivation, customers’ satisfaction, human-resource development and customer relation management with a global mindset of penetrating every aspect of the organization. Effective workforce is a pillar in an organization as it is a great player in accomplishing the firms’ objectives and service delivery.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The Role of Human Resource Knowledge in establishing Performance-Based Work environment: The Case of â€Å"Flambo Plast Gmbh† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Aspatore Books, human-resource management is the organizational function that enables efficiency, innovation, creativity and flexibility of the workforce to transform them into productive assets.1 Therefore, many institutions have emphasized on the need to consider (HRM) human-resource management as a co urse. However, it is also important to note that it is one of the demanding knowledge, especially in a workplace.2 An orderly managed well-organized human-resource department assists the organizations to attain the desired goals and competitiveness in the industry. Background of the study In the present century, the human-resource management departments are facing unlimited challenges. As paradigms have changed in various dimensions and the factors affecting human-resource management are not exceptional. The human-resource management must re-examine the organizational structure and functions in order to cope with relevance, new trends and challenges in the contemporary business setting. In the current business context, the most affecting and challenging issue to an informed man is time’s nature of setting things in order and in place in the best and most effective way3. Advanced technology, through the use of computer and smart phones, assist man to deal situations in the mos t effective and efficient manner. The state of human-resource management is a system that attracts strengths, encourages, and maintains employees who are responsible for the successful operation and existence of the organization.4 The main and important function of human-resource management circulates around workforce planning, recruitment and selection, job specification, dismissal, employee motivation, customer relation management (CRM), performance evaluation and employee development.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Has life changed alongside developments in technology, so, is it the human-resource management to occupy more responsibilities? These conceptual issues have established fundamental principles for the foundation of human-resource management. Fundamental of human development The training function of human-resource management is contemporarily termed as huma n-resource development. It is an orderly effort towards facilitating the workforce within the firm to acquire the required knowledge in the desire for organizational success. This revolves around three areas- employer and employee development, performance development and work environment improvement. There are important laws that the human-resource management must equip itself with during the training. The teaching and the process must be interesting so that the trainee is motivated to grasp the important information. 5 In addition, the training and development must target at the performance improvement to help the organization attain stronger organizational efficiency, greater competitive practices and enhance profitability. Objective of the study In this paper, the primary objective is to examine and determine the value of employer’s knowledge in human-resource management. I seek to: Ascertain the relevance of human-resource management knowledge and skills and the workplac e. To analyze the functions of human-resource management in an organization Ascertain the relevance between motivation and job performance. Discussion The reorganization of the human-resource administration for â€Å"Flambo Plast Gmbh† The human-resource departments are vital players responsible for attracting, developing, motivating and maintaining best employees the human-resource management departments are required to make well-detailed organizational charts for their firms to assist the managers and executives carry their duties responsible.6 In addition, the organization charts enhance the employees to understand the company strategy and structure, and their roles in delivering the organizational goals.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The Role of Human Resource Knowledge in establishing Performance-Based Work environment: The Case of â€Å"Flambo Plast Gmbh† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn Mor e Organizational charts aid a company in ensuring effective and efficient communication of its objectives, employee expectations, and responsibilities. In demonstrating commitment to excellence, the company needs to develop an ideal organizational chart that is efficient in mapping the company’s communication lines. The organizational chart is essential tool and is necessary in circumstances where management is in pursuit to identify areas through the enterprise that presents opportunities for downscaling. The organizational structure needs to be flexible and the one that reflects the immediate requirements of the organization. The â€Å"Flambo Plast Gbhm† company must make sure the human-resource management chart allows the management and the employees to: existence of co-operation between the employees and the management at large. Perfect relation and communication among the employees and the management Clear and easy understanding of the processes Flexible and re alistic nature Clear definition of roles and responsibilities within the organization The structure that allows smooth teamwork among the employees and the management The human-resource department organizational chart The â€Å"Flambo Plast Gmbh† shall be organized in a manner that it constitutes the outlook of a modern human-resource department.7 The chart shall address the three-main sections namely: HR front office HR back office HR excellence centers The HR Front office This office shall be the main interaction point for all HR team members and shall be an internal source for the employees. The HR Back office This office is important and responsible for HR services offered both internally and externally. This office is also in control of legal procedures, in an organization. The office will ensure that all procedures and actions are compliant with law. Indeed, all the administrative functions like payroll, bonus, and benefits are in control in this office. The HR Excel lence center This section in human-resource management shall be responsible for maintaining policies, processes and products developed. The office will ensure and oversee the employee training, recruiting and staffing roles.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Flambo Plast Gmbh Human Resource Organiization Chart This is a hierarchical type of organizational chart. In this chart, the employees are under certain functional departments headed by a different manager. For instance, we have the front office, back office, and the excellence center headed by different managers. The main reason for choosing this kind of chart is that it clearly explains the organizational structure in simple terms. In addition, the use of organizational charts saves an organization from problems of communication loops.. 8 These calls for another management team to assist manage the organization. The main functions of human-resource department The human-resource department is in control of several duties that deal with the employees of the company. Unfortunately, some managers assume HRM as a simple office with less work.9 The office has a lot of work and requires great attention to address these issues. However, the main duties and responsibilities of human reso urces management are: Recruitment of employees Compensation and remuneration Training and development Planning Recruitment of employees The human-resource department is vest with power to recruit and oversee the selection of employees. This involves the process of choosing few qualified candidates out from many unqualified. The function ensures that the company under consideration selects the most skilful and competent taskforce from plenty of applicants. This function involves selection of the best individuals and evaluation of their ability in relation to the company requirements. The recruitment can be through various processes that may include interviews, educational, psychological measurements and written interviews. Compensation and remuneration A capital resource is one the most important assets that the company can rely on. For efficient production, the company needs to address the issue of compensation and remuneration in details. This deals with the motivation of the emp loyees. The human-resource department has a task of evaluating the performance in turn rewarding those who did well or exceeded the expectation of the company.10 The compensation packages can be in terms of salary increment, holiday offers, awards, equities etc. Training and development This function is important and necessary since it adds value to the organization. Employees’ training is in relation with improvement of skills and attitudes of the employees. It is also significant in motivating the works as well as boosting their energy. Training enables the employee to be familiar with duties that he/she supposed to work on. Some jobs require work experience or training before some can undertake the task. The can be characterized by attendance of seminars, conferences, workshops and formal talks among others. Planning Every manager must plan regardless of the section under his or her command. The human-resource department has the responsibility of ensuring that adequate pla ns are in place for the success of the organization. The department plans how the organization structure will look like, the duties and responsibilities of each employee, the chain of command and several others. The department is also bestowing with the responsibility of planning the future organizational goals in relation to people or clarifying the same goals to staff members. Planning is a useful tool in putting the organizational goals in safe basket.11 Adviser It refers to a professional or a consultant providing expert advice to his or her clients concerning a certain field. Customer relationship management In my own understanding, CRM is an information house or database responsible for monitoring, valuing, developing and retaining excellent relation to the customer. Simply, observing the principles of customer relationship.12 Problems regarding employees’ motivation In the turn of a century, the business setting has gone through various changes touching the style in hu man-resource management. Some business managers are not aware of these inventible changes. This has led to the failure of many stable businesses. However, motivation has both positive and negative effects to the business. Therefore, it is important they learn, understand and are familiarized with factors that promote positive motivation at the workplace. The objective of this paper is to assist the manager to understand the need for motivation at the workplace. This can be through identifying factors that may occur because of lack of motivation in the workplace. According to Fredrick Herzberg, motivation is the force that makes us do things: this is a result of our individual needs being satisfied so that we are inspired to accomplish our tasks.13 Motivation is essential in achieving the best from human capital. Motivation has a great impact on the output of the business in terms of quality and quantity. Production staff is the pivot that the business relies heavily regarding the ou tput. When motivation is not satisfied, the company suffers a huge loss hence there is the failure of business to perform effectively. A de-motivated workforce ultimately results in high absenteeism and employee turnover rates always accompanied by poor customer service. Fredrick Herzberg came up with two main divisions that deal with motivation. Those factors that motivated work staff at the workplace and, Hygiene Factors The motivators enhanced excellent performance in an organization leading high output and works’ friendly working environment. However, the hygiene factors, if not met, has a negative impact on employee’s efficiency and immeasurable loss to business. There are a number of problems regarding the employees’ motivation. These may include: Poor pay Work conditions Supervision Inadequate recognition Poor pay Many companies have failed to demonstrate excellent efforts towards workers’ remuneration. Though money is not the only reason why e mployees cause unrest at the workplace, in most cases, it is the main reason. In the recent world, most of havoc caused at the workplace results from poor pay. If the workers’ effort is unappreciated, they feel low sometimes boycotting the work or bringing unrest in the company. Worker’ salary must be revised regulated according to ensure the equity. Employees are equally motivated to achieve the organizational objectives when salary is perceived as enough. The output of the employees must match the salary. Poor pay of workers to some extend causes sick leave and inefficient works. Work condition The prevailing working environment of an employee is very critical issue in the contemporary business context. Though motivation is something that comes from the inner force of a person, management has a big role in creating an environment that encourages employee motivation. The employer must eliminate risks that de-motivate the workers at the workplace. Workplace safety must be the point of concern to management and shareholders as a whole. Most of the workforces consider this as a motivator. 14 Supervision Supervision direction is wrong in certain organization leading qualified employees quitting their jobs. According to the recent research, it reveals that some managers have poor leadership and management styles in stabilizing the work of an efficient employee. It is certain that some workers quit the managers but not the job. Supervision should give direction but not cause disharmony at the workplace. Recognition failure Recognition failure is one of the main reasons why employees get hurt. Recognition is one of the important factors that fuels personal motives. Recognizing employees for the efforts made towards achieving the organizational goals not only make them proud but also promote self-esteem and cultivate spirits of more innovations. Motivation can be through promotions, pay increase, comments and many unlisted. Theories on connection betwee n motivation and job performance Several psychologists have come with theories supported by empirical evidence to show the relationship between motivation and job performance. The world known psychologists like Fredrick Herzberg, Abraham Maslow, Elton Mayo, Douglas McGregor, among unlisted through different researches have tried to show the relation that exists between motivation and job performance. This paper will examine through the two theories the relationship prevalence between the job performance and motivation. It is going to focus on a two-factor theory by Herzberg and the theory by Maslow. Two-factor theory According to Herzberg, motivation is in two motives. He also refers to this theory as â€Å"the dual structure theory.† From his theory, Herzberg believed that two sets factors influence people. He classified these two sets into motivator and hygiene. The hygiene referred to as dissatisfied, as their absence causes dissatisfaction while their presence does not mo tivate. The hygiene included pay and benefit, supervision, job security, personal life working conditions, status and relationship with co-workers. However, on the motivator side, he includes recognition, promotion, achievements and growth. According to him, hygiene factors operate separately or independently from the motivators. He argued that the hygiene factors were of short-term effects and that a little improvement would be to their removal. According to him, motivation was important and necessary for achievements. The theory Z Abraham Maslow developed another important theory to link relationship between motivation and job performance. Maslow (1971), named his final theory â€Å"Theory Z.† Maslow tried to relate motivation and job performance by using theory z, to explain the self-actualization. In his study, Maslow said less than 1%of the adult population was self-actualizing. Abraham Maslow focused his life’s work on the study of human potential, development an d motivation.15 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, visible deference was given to people who had a value focused. He reveals that the level of unhealthiness exists in all areas of development. He refers to being self-actualized as becoming more fully human who responds to the inner forces for development. Most recent authors with the present leadership style concur with him. According to him, before one becomes self-actualized, he must first meet the physiological needs. He demonstrated his ideas using the hierarchy of needs. Theory Z was clearly an indication of unhealthy people in unhealthy organization.16 Critical review of the theories The two theories developed by the two psychologists ultimately relate job performance to motivation. From the dual research, it is evidently that motivation is ideal in improving work efficiency. Motivation leads to high output and works that motivate results in high production. For example, in the work of Herzberg, he believes that when hygiene is not satisfied, they cause dissatisfaction. This is actual true because when employees’ hygiene is not met, they cause underproduction. On the other hand, Maslow work supports the connection between the job performance and motivation. In his work, â€Å"Those serving customers must be longer range in time and longer range in space and wider thinking in terms of causes and effects and holistic relationships. Why is this? It’s because the relationships†¦are very different when these customers are supposed to be kept for a century or two.† 17 Recommendations First, I recommend the manager to enroll for the MBA course in human-resource management. This course will assist the manager in acquiring managerial skills and knowledge that will enable him or her to demonstrate quality leadership style in management. Secondly, I recommend the management to revise and uphold the importance of motivation and strongly put it in practice. This would motivate the workforce leading to efficiency production. It will also create a good rapport between the customers and the business. Finally, the human-resource organizational chart requires another structure with well-defined duties of the concern. Conclusion Human-resource management is an important resource to any organization set up. The current managers require to be trained in this field to ensure they utilize this capital. This will have a positive impact on the output of the business. For any milestone development, this pillar department of the organization must be vested with responsible and knowledgeable persons. Bibliography Ahmad, Shoeb. Human Resources Management and Technical Changes. New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House, 2004. Anderson, Charles. Tool Kit for Human Resources. Lincoln: iUniverse, 2004. Anderson, Kristin and Carol Kerr. Customer relationship management. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2002. Armstrong, Michael. Strategic Human Resource Management: A Guide to Action. London: Kogan Page Pu blishers, 2008. Aspatore Books. The Role of Human Resources: Top Executives on Using HR to Drive Business Results and Add Value to a Company (Inside the Minds). London: Aspatore Books, Incorporated, 2005. Green, Jerry W. Exploring the needs of teleworkers using Herzberg’s two-factor theory. New York: ProQuest, 2009. Ionazzi, Daniel A. The stage management handbook. New York: Writer’s Digest Books, 1992. Knox, Simon. Customer relationship management: perspectives from the marketplace Butterworth-Heinemann, 2003. Koontz, Harold and Heinz Weihrich. Essentials of Management. New York: Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2006. Lawler, Edward and John Boudreau. Achieving excellence in human resource management: an assessment of human resource functions. Stanford University: Stanford University Press, 2009. Rothwell, William J and Kazanas Hanze. Planning and managing human resources: strategic planning for human resources management. New York: Human Resource Development, 2003. Saiya dain, Mirza. Human Resources Management. New York: Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2009. Mathis, Robert and John Jackson H. Human Resource Management. New York: Cengage Learning, 2010. Ulrich, David. Human resource champions: the next agenda for adding value and delivering results. New York: Harvard Business Press, 1996. University of Nebraska (Lincoln campus). Dept. of Psychology. Current theory and research in motivation. University of Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 2003. Wilson, John P. Human resource development: learning training for individuals organizations. London: Kogan Page Publishers, 2005. Footnotes 1 Aspatore Books. The Role of Human Resources: Top Executives on Using HR to Drive Business Results and Add Value to a Company (Inside the Minds). (London: Aspatore Books, Incorporated, 2005), 45-53. 2 Mirza, Saiyadain. Human Resources Management. (New York: Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2009), 1 3 Robert, Mathis and John Jackson H. Human Resource Management. (New York: Cengage Learning, 2010), 27. 4 Edward, Lawler and John Boudreau. Achieving excellence in human resource management: an assessment of human resource functions. (Stanford University: Stanford University Press, 2009), 21. 5 Kristin, Anderson and Carol Kerr. Customer relationship management. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2002), 2. 6 Shoeb, Ahmad. Human Resources Management and Technical Changes. (New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House, 2004, 185. 7 Charles, Anderson. Tool Kit for Human Resources. (Lincoln: iUniverse, 2004),108. 8 John, Wilson. Human resource development: learning training for individuals organizations. London: (Kogan Page Publishers, 2005), 26-35. 9 William, Rothwell and Kazanas Hanze. Planning and managing human resources: strategic planning for human resources management. (New York: Human Resource Development, 2003), 478. 10 Michael, Armstrong. Strategic Human Resource Management: A Guide to Action. (London: Kogan Page Publishers, 2008), 72. 11 David, Ulrich. Human resource champions: the next agenda for adding value and delivering results. (New York: Harvard Business Press, 1996), 25. 12 Simon, Knox. Customer relationship management: perspectives from the marketplace. (New York: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2003), 3. 13 Daniel, Ionazzi. The stage management handbook. (New York: Writer’s Digest Books, 1992), 165. 14 Jerry, Green. Exploring the needs of teleworkers using Herzberg’s two-factor theory. (New York: ProQuest, 2009), 56 15 Harold, Koontz and Heinz Weihrich. Essentials of Management. (New York: Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2006), 291 16 University of Nebraska (Lincoln campus). Dept. of Psychology. Current theory and research in motivation. (University of Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 2003), 175. 17 Jerry, Green. Exploring the needs of teleworkers using Herzberg’s two-factor theory. (New York: ProQuest, 2009), 56 This case study on The Role of Human Resource Knowledge in establishing Performance-Based Work environment: The Case of â€Å"Flambo Plast Gmbh† was written and submitted by user Rayden G. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Write Numbers (With as Little Confusion as Possible)

How to Write Numbers (With as Little Confusion as Possible) As with several other English grammar rules (capitalization of titles, were looking at you!) relating to how to write numbers will vary depending on the sources you use. For example, in AP style, you would spell out whole numbers up to (and including) nine but write the numerals for 10 and above. In Chicago style, you would spell out whole numbers up to (and including) one hundred but write the numerals for 101 and above. Alternatively, you can spell out whole numbers up to (and including) nine and use numerals for the rest.So, is there a way to remember the rules without having to consult a style book each time? Yes, but it depends on the nature of your writing and for whom you are writing. For example, if you are writing a dissertation that follows a particular style, it is best to consult the style book when any number comes up in the text. However, for general business writing, fiction and most nonfiction (unless its technical writing), there are some standard rules to follow, wh ich we will cover here.Rule #1Spell out whole numbers up to and including nine.Examples:Zerofour10110Rule #2Spell out numbers that begin a sentence unless it is a year. When doing so, avoid using and such as One hundred and one Dalmatians.Examples:1975 was a great year for music.One thousand dollars is a lot of money to pay for that watch.One hundred one Dalmatians.Rule #3When you have multiple numbers within the same sentence, consistency is key if the items are in the same category. If the items are in different categories, use numerals for one category and spell out the other.Examples:She bought the car that seats five instead of the minivan that seats nine.I read four books with over 300 pages each and two articles that were 12 pages each.Rule #4When numbers are next to each other in the sentence, it is best to write out one and use a numeral for the other in order to differentiate them.Example:We bought four 7-inch frames.

Teching ICT for Special Need Pupil Between Theory and Practice Essay

Teching ICT for Special Need Pupil Between Theory and Practice - Essay Example To make ICT practical in addressing the needs of students with special needs, there is need to sensitize the community on the role that ICT can play in education of those with special needs. INTRODUCTION There are pupils faced with all manners of learning disabilities whether physical, educational, emotional, mental, or may be a combination of all the above problems. Problems like autism, cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, epilepsy, spinal bifida, and others present compounding disabilities which teachers find difficult to deal with. These problems present various kinds of learning disabilities ranging from mental problems to behavioral problems. Behavioral problems make it difficult for student to associate with others in the learning environment which defies the order of learning as an associative activity. It is good to realize that the world has moved from early problems of deafness and blindness which has defined learning disabilities for along time, and has moved to addressing the previously mentioned problems. The world is coming to realization that disability is no inability. There has been a vigorous campaign from all over the world in a bid to encourage the education of those with special needs. For a long time disabled children have been considered as unfit to pursue higher levels of education as compared to their normal counterparts. Students with learning disabilities have faced a lot of problems integrating in the same classrooms with other students. This has led to development of special teaching classrooms for those students with special needs. In a learning environment, teachers are faced with various problems of addressing the needs of the students which are as diverse as the students themselves. Those with physical disabilities will require... This paper stresses that to make ICT more practical to students with special needs, it is also good to start with training the community first of the importance that ICT can play in education of these children. This will involve mobilization of the community which turns out to be holding teachers, parents and the children themselves. This report makes a conclusion that the use of ICT in the learning process of students with special needs is very vital. It is very important models of learning that can help student with learning disability achieve the same education calibre like other children. It is beneficial not only to the students but also to the community as a whole. However we have seen the many hurdles that make the process impractical. This is the point that all the authorities in the world should strive to address right now. Implementing ICT in special schools should not be seen only as a burden of the parents and teacher alone nor should it be taken as a problem to be tackled by the authority alone but rather it should be seen as burden that everybody has to tackle. All of us have an input that can make the process more practical. It is time the world moved from the theoretical mentioning of the process and moves to make it more practical. Going by its benefits, it is worth our trial. There is need for t he world to move fast and address the digital divide that has currently rocked the world. The ICT gap between the developed and the developing world has increased with a huge gap and there is need for it to be addressed fast. This can only be done through increasing access to ICT facilities to the developing world. This will also involve involving students with learning disabilities more in the digital world which will help in their holistic development.